Cave Legends #6 – The Naming of Cave Without a Name in Boerne, Texas

photo from forthoodsentinel.com

photo from forthoodsentinel.com

Cave Without a Name spent the majority of its history undiscovered and unknown to humanity. The only relics dated before the 20th century are the bones of prehistoric animals. Early in the 20th century, the cave was discovered when a farm animal fell into a sinkhole, but the cavern was left unexplored and was soon forgotten again. In the 1920s, during Prohibition, the cave was stumbled upon by local moonshiners looking for a secret lair in which to distill their spirits.

The cave again fell into obscurity until 1935, when three young children, two boys and a girl, were out playing in the Hill Country and came across an opening to the cavern. The three went inside the main chambers of the cave and rushed home to tell their parents what they had found. They got in a heap of trouble when their parents learned what they had done. They were scolded about the dangers of cave exploration and were asked to never go into deep, dark places without parental guidance.

Photo by Bruce Malone

Photo by Bruce Malone from brucemalone.com

Their discovery, however, led to the cave being opened to the public by the property owner, Jim Horn, just four years later in 1939. Shortly after the grand opening, a state-wide naming contest was held to allow students from grade school to high school to nominate a name for the cave. The most clever and creative entry would become the cave’s permanent title, and the winner would be given a $250 award. A young grade-school student simply replied that the cave was too beautiful to have a name, and the judges loved it. Cave Without a Name was christened in 1940 and still holds this name today. Briefly, in the late 1950s, then-owner Eugene Ebell renamed the cave “Century Caverns,” but after much grief from the locals, who claimed that he was dishonoring the town’s history, Ebell changed the name back to its quirky un-name.

Photo by Karen Perry from maverickgrotto.org

Photo by Karen Perry from maverickgrotto.org

Cave Without a Name is one of the most beautiful caves in Texas and a must-see for tourists. A locally-owned Mom-and-Pop style organization, Cave Without a Name is not advertised as heavily as some of the other Texas show caves. However, both a five- to six-year-old girl and my 30-something partner cried upon entering the main room and called it magical. The cave resides 50 miles from San Antonio and 11 miles from Boerne, on a secluded country road on the outskirts of New Braunfels. The cavern hosts guided tours, weddings, concerts, and private events. Tours are available during the day until 4 p.m. and are very reasonably priced. Adult tickets are $18 each, children are only $9 each, and children under six get in for free.

-Matt Gibson

Cave Legends #5 – A Cave of Many Tales: Indian Echo Caverns in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania.

Image from overlook.prospectportal.com

Image from overlook.prospectportal.com

Indian Echo Caverns is a cave system that has had many names throughout the years. Though no one knows what the Susquehannock tribe called the cave, we do know that the cave has been referred to since as Wilson Cave, Hummelstown Cave, Stoverdale Cave, Giant’s Cave, and Indian Cave before being renamed Indian Echo Caverns in 1929, when it was opened to the public. With its many names come many legends, which have been passed down through the years and have become a part of Pennsylvanian folklore.

The Susquehannock Indians most likely used the cave for shelter when the weather was harsh, but they disappeared from the area in the late 1600s. Though there is no particular story that I could find about the tribe’s ties to the cave, several modern eye witnesses in the cavern have reported seeing a vision of a Native American warrior holding a human head.

Image from amazon.com

Image from amazon.com

My favorite story I found while researching the cave is the story of “The Pennsylvania Hermit,” William “Amos” Wilson, and his sister Elizabeth. The siblings moved away from home at sixteen to separate counties across the state. William became a stone carver in West Pennsylvania, and Elizabeth went east to Philadelphia to work at The Indian Queen Tavern. William and Elizabeth were very close, having endured rural life, the death of their mother, and their scornful stepmother together. They wrote each other often and stayed in touch even though they were separated by distance.

Elizabeth’s life was in turmoil during these years. She had two children with different men, who each abandoned her before their offspring’s birth. She was asked to leave her employment at The Indian Queen Tavern because of her second pregnancy, and she found herself in a financial ruin. In October of 1784, she went missing. Her children were soon found dead, their bodies hidden in the woods near her home. She was arrested, found guilty of murdering both of her children, and sentenced to hang on December 7th, 1785.

William left work after hearing the news of his sister’s arrest, and arrived at the jail four days before her execution was to take place. Elizabeth told William what had happened. She was supposed to meet a suitor at Newport Square, a man she had been seeing who had helped her financially when she had no job. She went out to meet him and brought her children with her. He came upon her unexpectedly in the woods, killed the children, hid them in the woods, and forced her to run away with him, swearing her to secrecy.

Image from americaslibrary.gov

Benjamin Franklin – Image from americaslibrary.gov

William got a group of officials together to hear Elizabeth’s confession. Her story was heard, and the confession was signed by the witnesses and presented by William to the Supreme Executive Council. The president of the council was Benjamin Franklin, and the vice president was Charles Biddle, who ordered the execution be suspended until January 3rd, 1786, to allow the council more time to determine Elizabeth’s fate.

In the meantime, William went to hunt down the person Elizabeth claimed had murdered her children. He found the man, who refused to admit even knowing his sister or having any involvement with her children. William then met several witnesses who could link the man to his sister and the city of Philadelphia. Before he could get this information into the hands of law officials, however, William became very ill and had to spend some time recovering at a friend’s house in Philadelphia.

When William next arrived at the jail, he realized that he had lost track of time and that Elizabeth’s execution was scheduled for the following day. William rode to Benjamin Franklin’s house, who then sent him to Charles Biddle to have Elizabeth’s execution further postponed. Biddle wrote: “Do not execute Wilson until you hear further from the council.” Biddle understood that members of the council were on Elizabeth Wilson’s side and intended to grant a full pardon. With his order in hand, William set off for Chester to save his sister.

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Cave Legends #4 – Queho: Outcast, Outlaw, Renegade & Caver

Note: Like Cave Legends #2, which was a variation of the original legend of Timpanogos Cave, this tale has many versions. Legends like these grow and evolve as they are passed down through history. The following is a historical but fictional account of the last renegade Indian.

View from inside Queho's Cave by google user Robert Finlay

View from inside Queho’s Cave by google user Robert Finlay


Queho was born in a small reservation consisting of three different tribes near Las Vegas Nevada in 1880. He was born with a clubfoot and was the son of a Paiute man who abandoned the boy and a Cocopa woman who died shortly after childbirth. Queho’s uncle on his mother’s side raised him begrudgingly. The uncle beat him occasionally and, when he grew older, would only let him stay if he worked and forked up most of his earnings. He was ridiculed and shamed by the tribes because of his mixed birth and his limp.

Queho began work farming and gathering wood off the reservation on nearby ranches and local mining camps. He stayed to himself when on the reservation, attempting to hide from the tribes, for none had taken him in or shown him any kindness. When not at work, he went on long excursions into the wilderness. It was all he could do to stay away from his tormentors. Boys his age, older, and younger than he, would throw rocks at him and call him mean names. They insulted his mother and called him a bastard, a half-breed, a gimp.

Queho's memorial here spelled Quehoe. Photo by findagrave user Nevada Bob.

Queho’s memorial here spelled Quehoe. Photo by findagrave user Nevada Bob.

Eventually, Queho was able to afford his own tent, and he moved out of his uncle’s tiny house. He continued to work at the mining camp but began avoiding the reservation as much as possible. After saving up a bit of money for himself, he decided to buy a bottle of whiskey and go to the reservation to share it with his uncle. His uncle turned him away at the door, telling Queho that he hated him for abandoning him and that he was no longer family.

On his way out of the reservation, he was attacked by younger boys from the Paiute tribe. They threw rocks at him for several minutes, and one struck him in the forehead, sending warm tendrils of blood into his eyes. After wiping away the blood, Queho was able to hobble away. He went back to his tent and began to cry. He was tired of being an outcast. He decided that night that if the world didn’t love him, he would show no love back to the world. The next day, he took what was left of his savings, went into town and purchased a five-shot cartridge revolver and a wooden-handled axe.

Queho waited until deep into the night, then took his weapons and headed to the reservation. He saw a young Paiute Indian leaving camp to relieve himself on a nearby tree. He moved quickly and quietly, coming upon the young man from behind, and with one mighty blow, Queho buried the blade side of the axe halfway down into the Paiute’s skull. The body slumped to the ground immediately, and Queho began the struggle of retrieving the axe, which was stuck in the young Indian’s head. He decided to drag the body further away from the camp so as not to be caught by other tribesmen. A few miles into the woods, he stopped and used the leverage of a nearby tree to dislodge his axe from his victim’s cranium. He then cut off his braid and kept it for a trophy.

A whole book on the legend is available online by Greg Niemann.

A whole book on the legend is available online by Greg Niemann.

Queho moved his tent further away from the reservation in case people came looking for him, but no one came. Running out of money and food, Queho came back to the reservation one night to take what he could find. Two large Cocopa males were up late, drinking and laughing on the porch of a small house. He approached in the shadows but his limp drew their attention. “Queho, where have you been? We thought you had died. Come share a drink with us,” said the larger of the two men, one named Harry Bismark.

Queho was taken aback. He had never been offered a drink by any of his tribesmen. He was half Cocopa, or so he had been told, and he had always wanted to be accepted by his tribe, but only his Cocopa uncle had ever been even remotely kind to him. Queho smiled and approached the men cautiously. Harry passed him the bottle and he took a deep pull from the spirits. It burned as he swallowed the warm liquor. Holding back a cough, he cleared his throat, thanked Henry, and passed the bottle to his friend on the left, whose name Queho couldn’t recall.

Henry then asked Queho if he was hungry. He had not eaten in days and shook his head yes intensely. Henry laughed a hearty laugh, grabbed a wing off of a roasted chicken, threw it in the dirt, and said, “Half-breeds eat what true-bloods throw away. There, have your share.” Queho’s anger took over his hands, which drew the revolver instantly. He emptied three rounds into Henry’s chest, turned, and took the top of the other Cocopa’s head off with a single shot. He quickly packaged up the remaining meat and pillaged the two Indians’ pockets. As he rolled Henry over to grab his wallet, Henry belched and with fading force, whispered, “Bastard.”

Photo from listverse.com

Photo from listverse.com

Queho put the revolver into Henry’s mouth and fired his final shot through the top of the old Indian’s head. He jumped onto Henry’s horse and took off before anyone else could get to the house to see what all the gunshots were about. He knew that he could never go back to the reservation. He knew that he would soon be considered a murderer and an outlaw to his people. He was at peace with his decisions. He was tired of being picked on. From now on, he would be feared.

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Cave Legends #3 – The Grave in the Cave: Squire Boone Caverns In Mauckport, Indiana

SquireBoon

Image by findagrave.com user Anthony S.

An Indiana Cave that Houses an American Revolutionary

Daniel Boone’s lesser known but equally adventurous little brother, Squire Boone Jr., was a Captain in the Revolutionary War. He was an American pioneer, a gunsmith, a survivor, and a frontiersman. He was injured 11 times in battle against armies and Native Americans, and he  survived them all. He loved nature and fell in love with a cave that saved his life.

Around 1790, Squire Boone Jr. was running from an attack from Native Americans when he stumbled upon a hidden cave, supposedly from swinging on a vine into its entrance, though some historians argue that he discovered the cave earlier while scouting with his older brother. Either way, he was able to narrowly escape the natives and find sanctuary in the cave.

After this brush with death, Boone believed the cave was a sacred and holy place, a place where his God had protected him in his time of need. Throughout the years, he would return to the cave for meditations and prayers. He carved blessings and verses into its walls.

Image from ourtownnorthcanton.com

Image from ourtownnorthcanton.com

In 1804 or 1806, according to differing reports, he moved his wife Jane and his children (four sons and a daughter), to Indiana and opened up a mill just outside of the cave’s entrance. He spent long hours of his later years in the cave in prayer and solace. He built his own coffin out of the walnut trees that grew in the land surrounding the cavern and told his family that he wished to be buried inside its depths.

Squire died in 1815, and his four sons carried out his burial wish. They put his body in the coffin he made and carried it down into the lower levels of the cavern. They sealed the cave’s entrance, and there his body stayed until his coffin rotted away, spilling his bones onto the cavern floor to be covered by calcite drippings. These drippings slowly solidified, and layers grew, hiding his body and the remnants of his coffin. Boone’s remains were discovered in 1973 as two tour guides attempting to find Boone’s carvings instead found his skull and more than 20 other bones, plus a few remnants from his original coffin, during an excavation.

Image from funfix.com

Image from funfix.com

Creating an even more intriguing tourist attraction for caving enthusiasts and history buffs alike while honoring Boone’s wishes, workmen hewed a new coffin out of walnut. This time, after filling the coffin with his remains and other ceremonial items, they sealed it with wax. A memorial tombstone stands in the cave next to the new coffin today and is displayed at the end of the guided tours, which are open to the public for a reasonable price.

The stone memorial outside of Squire Boone Caverns in Mauckport, Indiana, reads: “Into this cave opening Squire Boone escaped from pursuing Indians about 1790. Thereafter he considered the cave holy ground. At his request he was buried in this cave in a walnut coffin hewn from native timber by his own hands. At the time of his burial, this cave was sealed by his four sons, Moses, Isaiah, Jonathan, and Enoch.”

-Matt Gibson

Image from squirebooncaves.com

Image from squirebooncaves.com

squireboonmonument

Image from findagrave.com user Peter Smith

Texas Folklore Society’s 99th Annual Conference

Picture Courtesy of Lori Najvar/Texas Folklore Society

Picture Courtesy of Lori Najvar/Texas Folklore Society

We had a blast at the Texas Folklore Society Conference this year – the 99th annual meeting of “the oldest folklore organization continually functioning in the United States,” according to its website. Past leader Francis Edward Abernathy wrote, “I believe that the purpose of the Texas Folklore Society is not to hide the light of the lore under a bushel of academic guidelines and definitions and scholarly verbiage but to let that light so shine among men that all the world but, Lord, most especially Texans may see the richness of the land and its people and its history and its continuity… Texans must realize the place of their belonging, a mother land to moisten with their sweat, and finally to nourish with their bones.

We’d been researching the legend that lays the foundation of our novel for more than a year, having heard it in Spring Break 2014. A trip that began at Caverns of Sonora ended up centering on caves, leading us to hear the legend of Cascade Caverns. We knew this story was the one we wanted to study, and began research to tie the story to history. Our presentation to the TFS was one we’d long prepared for, making our fourth trip to Boerne the weekend before the conference to tie up loose ends and gather missing footage for our multimedia presentation.

04 2015 TFS hootenanny

The first event on the TFS program we attended was a hootenanny; not knowing what a hootenanny consisted of or how to dress, we got somewhat fancy and turned up for an open mic and an open keg that passed among instrumentalists and vocalists, sharing songs they had learned in the oral tradition.

The hootenanny experience calmed our nerves somewhat: the crowd was friendly, inclusive, and forgiving. We learned a song about the sinking of the Titanic from autoharp player and vocalist Jean Schnitz and saw live performance on a washtub bass.

The next morning, we were privileged to be on a panel chaired by Carol Hanson, presenting alongside Lucy Fischer-West, a paper by Adam Cree of England that was read by Sheila Starks-Phillips, and a presentation by An Vu. A session by Elizabeth Duncan, “Before I Was Five,” reminded us of words and phrases we’d only heard from family. Karen Haile’s paper was a fast-paced exploration of the origins of ditties, while Rebeca Izaguirre gave a heartfelt examination of Dia de Los Muertos. The scope of presentations makes it impossible to name each notable moment.

Picture Courtesyof Lori Najvar/Texas Folklore Society

Picture Courtesy of Lori Najvar/Texas Folklore Society

The rest of the TFS conference continued in this tradition, with presentations accompanied by fiddle playing, photos of signs hand-painted by graffiti artists, or voices singing over the crowd. When it was over, we did not want to leave – but an invitation to present next year changed our route toward home. We’re still (and primarily) working on the research for our novel, which is based in Boerne’s Cascade Caverns, but for next year’s TFS presentation — you’re up, Longhorn Caverns.

Readers can view our presentation at our Prezi account: http://prezi.com/7sd7od4zzni6/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share

and read the transcript on our Scribd, using red asterisks as direction to move forward a slide: https://www.scribd.com/doc/262371149/The-Hermit-A-Study-of-the-Legend-Central-to-Cascade-Caverns-in-Boerne-Texas

Membership in the society is quite reasonably priced; papers are collected from members yearly, and selections are presented at the annual meeting. A TFS initiative provides the opportunity for student members to receive a stipend that offsets travel costs involved with presenting. Rumor has it that the 2016 session, the society’s 100th meeting, will be held in Austin. We hope to see you there.

The Paisano, emblem of the TFS/Photo courtesy of Texas Folklore Society

The Paisano, emblem of the TFS/Photo courtesy of Texas Folklore Society

Erin Marissa Russell

Cave Legends #2 – The Legend of Timpanogos Cave In American Fork, Utah

Note: This is a very old legend that has been told in many different forms. Instead of confusing the reader with different versions of the legend, I have decided to pick my favorite versions of events and create my own, drawing heavily from several different accounts. What follows is a variation of the legend of Timpanogos Cave from the Wasatch Mountains in Northern Utah.

Mount_Timpanogos_at_sunset

Mount Timpanogos at Sunset. Image from Wikapedia Commons

It was a hot, dry summer for the Ute tribe. The chief had fallen ill, and many of their weaker members had already perished from the drought. Water was very scarce, and food was hard to come by. A sacrifice had to be made to the god named Timpanogos, the great mountain that they camped beneath. Men gathered stones of different colors into a leather pouch and gathered the daughters of the tribe together. One of them would have to be sacrificed in order to end the great drought.

Drums pounded as the daughters danced around the flames of a great bonfire. One by one, they drew stones from aleather pouch and wept tears of joy that they would live another day. Utahna made her way around the fires once more and drew a stone from the satchel. She drew the onyx stone, which meant that she would be sacrificed to Timpanogos. Her heart sank briefly as she fought away the tears of fear and sorrow, but soon she felt pride and honor that she was chosen to save her tribe from desolation.

Her father, the chief, was sick, and she knew she must act quickly. She began to gather the supplies she would need to scale the great peak above them: a walking stick, her moccasins, a hunting knife, some dried horse meat, and a small skin of what little water the tribe had left.

From an earlier version of the legend by Mary Anne Shelley Hansen.

From an earlier version of the legend by Mary Anne Shelley Hansen.

She made the climb at sundown and arrived on the peak at sunrise the next morning. Shaking like a leaf in the heavy wind atop the mountain, she began to pray to Timpanogos. She prayed that her sacrifice be accepted and that her tribe be saved with many rains. She prayed for her father’s swift recovery and for her friends and brothers whom she loved. Just as she was preparing to jump off the mountain to her death, she heard a voice whisper deeply, “Do not jump, my child.”

Startled and relieved, she threw herself at the voice’s feet, thinking that it must be the God named Timpanogos come to life in human form and that it didn’t want her to jump to her death. In actuality, it was a Ute Indian named Red Eagle, from a different tribe who camped on the other side of the mountain. He was hunting on the mountain range when he saw Utahna climbing up the peak’s edge. He thought her very beautiful, so he followed her and listened to her prayers. He wanted to be with her. and when he realized what she was about to do, he decided he had to trick her to save her life.

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Cave Legends #1 – The Legend of Penn’s Cave – Centre Hall, Pennsylvania

Penn's Cave

Photo by Flickr user Happy

Penn’s Cave is located in the Ridge and Valley region in the Appalachian Highlands in central Pennsylvania. The legend that surrounds the cave is a story of love denied. It was originally told by Issac Steele, an old Seneca Indian in 1892.

In the early 1700’s, the Seneca Indians discovered the cave that is now known as Penn’s Cave. Chief O-Ko-Cho had seven full-grown warrior sons and a daughter, Nita-nee whose beauty was immeasurable and who was guarded by her brothers carefully. A young Frenchmen named Malachi Boyer from Lancaster County came to their camp one day to trade for furs with Chief O-Ko-Cho when he caught a glimpse of Nita-nee and fell in love instantly. When the chief’s sons went out to hunt, he would sneak into the Seneca camp and steal away with Nita-nee. The two fell in love and made plans to run away and marry secretly, since traditions didn’t allow for the Seneca to marry outside their tribe.

Penn's Cave 2

Photo from visitpennstate.org

When the time was ripe, they made their escape into the night. In the morning, when Chief O-Ko-Cho was alerted of his daughter’s absence, he sent his seven sons to track her and Malachi down and bring them back to camp. The brother’s found the runaway couple just outside the eastern settlements and brought them back swiftly. Chief O-Ko-Cho then ordered his sons to throw Malachi into the water cave and guard the entrance to insure that he would not escape and run away with his daughter once more.

For about a week, Malachi swam back and forth in the dark waters of the cave, probing for an exit that was not guarded by the Seneca, but to no avail. Starving and out of energy, Malachi vowed that Nita-nee’s brothers would not see him die. He traveled to a far recess at one end of the cavern, crawled up to dry bank and died. Nita-nee’s brothers later ventured into the cave with torches, found his body, tied him up with heavy rocks, and threw him in the deepest waters of the cave river by their father’s request. To this day, tour guides and visitors claim that on some occasions, you can hear the Frenchman’s ghost crying out his lost love’s name.

Penn's Cave 3

Photo from youtube user Randy Flaum

Two tour guides have admitted hearing her name come from a male voice on separate occasions and believe firmly that the cave is haunted by the ghost of Malachi. Ghost hunters have also visited the cave and found plenty of abnormal behavior, including female voices, Native-American languages being spoken, heavy-breathing, and distant conversations, as well as other strange visions during their stay.

Nita-nee, the chief’s beautiful daughter is immortalized in central Pennsylvania as the mascot of Penn State University, the Nittany Lion, as well as local natural monuments: Nittany Mountain and Nittany Valley. Penn Cave opened its doors as a show cave in 1885 and boat tours are available to the public at a reasonable rate.

-Matt Gibson

Cave Legends: Introduction

The Speleofolklorists Who Came Before Us

So far, our caving trips and research have revolved around Texas caves because that is where we reside, and traveling is expensive. Eventually, we plan to venture much farther in our caving expeditions and research trips. Until then, however, we thought it would be fun to do research remotely on some caverns that we can’t wait to travel to in the future.

I started looking for others who had studied the legends surrounding caves while looking for a present for Erin. I came across two authors who wrote books about the stories of caves and their history. I was able to procure two books that I considered perfect examples of people   doing something similar to what we are: Depths of the Earth: Caves and Cavers of the United States (1965) by William R Halliday, M.D.  and Lost Stories of the Earth: The Unusual, Wicked and Just Plain Wacky Histories of Caves in the United States (2013) by CC Thomas.

books

Photos from Amazon.com

These books are two of many sources for our new blog series “Cave Legends,” a collection of short articles about caverns and caves and the legends and folklore that surround their history. In this series, we will research interesting bits of speleofolklore by digging up extra details and comparing different versions of the stories and then rewrite the legends in our own style, pointing out historical inaccuracies and adding our personal poetics along the way.

From ancient burial sites, hidden treasures, and lonely hermits to secret saloons, caves used in the Underground Railroad, and Indian hideouts, we will search far and wide to bring the legends of speleofolklore to life. The Cave Legends series is just one of many ways we will be sharing these bits of cave lore. Some of the legends will be turned into historical fiction in the form of short stories, novellas, and novels along the way. We are currently transforming the story that inspired us to coin the term speleofolklore into a novel and a screenplay. We plan to post at least one installation in the Cave Legends series each week, so check back soon and often.

-Matt Gibson

Upcoming Presentation: Texas Folklore Society

Speleofolklog is proud to announce that we’ll be sharing our research on the folklore of Boerne, Texas’ Cascade Caverns at the Texas Folklore Society‘s 99th annual meeting.

We’ll present “The Hermit: A Study of the Legend Central to Cascade Caverns in Boerne, Texas” on Saturday, April 11 as part of the first panel, which begins at 8:30 a.m. We’re planning a multimedia presentation, and will travel to Boerne in the coming weeks to lock in some of the finishing touches.

Membership in the society is affordable, and besides the annual meeting, members receive monthly newsletters and copies of TFS publications. We hope to see you in Kerrville, Texas, for this year’s meeting.

Photo by Flickr user amyashcraft

Photo by Flickr user amyashcraft

Welcome to Speleofolklog

“Speleofolklore” is a combination of the words “speleology,” or the study of caves, and “folklore,” the traditional beliefs, stories, and customs of a community that pass between generations orally.

Last Spring Break, we planned a vacation with a packed itinerary. After journeying to Caverns of Sonora in south Texas, we would trek to San Antonio for tacos, culture and barbecue. Once we laid eyes on the Caverns of Sonora, we threw all our plans out the window. The new route twisted back through the Hill Country, catching every cave tour that we could along the way. As writers looking for a compelling plot, we couldn’t have made a better decision. The folklore surrounding Texas caves is filled with fantastic stories, but none quite as mysterious and appealing as the legends involving Cascade Caverns.

Capture

Illustration from May E. Francis’ “The Hermit of the Cavern”

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